A new study that followed participants for 20 years shows both weight and risk for diabetes decreased for people in communities where fast food prices increased.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill study, led by Barry Popkin, PhD, and published in the March 8, 2010, issue of Archives of Internal Medicine, also showed the reverse - when fast food prices fell, then consumption, weight and diabetes risks rose.

"These results indicate that increasing the price of fast foods and sodas can affect adult behavior, and steer them toward healthier diets, lower weight and less risk of diabetes," said senior author Popkin, who is Carla Smith Chamblee Distinguished Professor of Nutrition at UNC's Gillings School of Global Public Health.

Popkin said taxes have been proposed on fast foods and soft drinks in some states, such as  New York. In a number of countries, including Denmark and others in Europe, taxes are used to discourage consumption and encourage healthy diets.

"This study gives us strong scientific evidence that price policies, including taxes, could actually be effective at helping control obesity and the resulting chronic diseases, like diabetes," Popkin said.

 

"Our results provide robust evidence to support the potential health benefits of taxing selected foods and beverages as a way of improving public health."

Popkin and his colleagues used data from more than 5,000 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. When it started in 1985, CARDIA participants lived in four U.S. cities. In the intervening years, participants have moved to 48 states. Researchers collected information on the average prices of products, including restaurant pizza, burgers, soft drinks and whole milk in the counties in which each participant lived. Prices were adjusted to 2006 levels.

When researchers analyzed the diet, weight and insulin levels of study participants, they found that when prices of fast foods and sodas went up just 10 percent, participants consumed on average 7.1 percent fewer calories from soda and 11.5 percent fewer calories from pizza. That translates to about 56 calories a day less, which corresponds to a reduction of about 3 to 4 pounds a year per person, Popkin said. The participants who found their fast food prices rose also gained less weight and had a lower risk for diabetes based on a test for fasting insulin (HOMA-IR).

Taxation, particularly in the form of an excise tax, could be helpful as such measures were successful in the case of smoking cessation efforts, Popkin said.

"For these fast foods, taxes would represent the most effective way to reduce adult obesity that we have today, based on this research," Popkin said. He also noted that cigarette taxes have been found to have a much larger effect on teenage versus adult smoking and he would expect that fast food taxes on children and teens would similarly have a larger effect than on adults.

Other study authors are Kiyah Duffey, PhD, postdoctoral fellow at the UNC Interdisciplinary Obesity Center; Penny Gordon-Larsen, PhD, UNC associate professor of nutrition; David Guilkey, PhD, Boshamer Distinguished Professor of Economics in the UNC College of Arts and Sciences; James Shikany, DrPH, associate professor of preventive medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; and David R. Jacobs Jr., PhD, epidemiology professor, University of Minnesota. Popkin, Gordon-Larsen and Guilkey also are fellows at the UNC Carolina Population Center, and Duffey is a graduate research assistant there.

More information on the paper, titled "Food Price and Diet and Health Outcomes: 20 Years of the CARDIA study," is available online.

# # #

 

Media note: Popkin can be reached at (919) 966-1732 or popkin@unc.edu. Gordon-Larsen can be reached at (919) 843-9966 or pglarsen@unc.edu.

UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health contact: Ramona DuBose, director of communications, (919) 966-7467 or ramona_dubose@unc.edu.